fluidTables = twoPhaseFluidTables(uRange,pRange,mLiquid,mVapor,n,substance,installPath)substance from a database and tabulates them for use in the Two-Phase Fluid Properties (2P) block. The substance can be a pure fluid such as R-134a or a predefined mixture such as R-404a, a ternary mixture of R-125, R-143a, and R-134a. The database can be REFPROP, an industry standard developed by NIST, or the open-source CoolProp.
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The tables are stored in fluidTables as a structure array. A liquid substructure contains the data for the Liquid Properties tab and a vapor substructure contains that for the Vapor Properties tab. The fields of the substructures contain the fluid properties themselves—specific volume, specific entropy, kinematic viscosity, thermal conductivity, and others needed for simulation.
The tabulated data is in the two-dimensional space of block. A normalized specific internal energy varies across the rows, and absolute pressure varies across the columns. These variables have the special property that, when plotted against them, phase boundaries are vertical and straight, and block calculations are simpler and faster.
Normalized specific internal energy spans between the bounds in uRange across mLiquid rows for the liquid phase and mVapor rows for the vapor phase. Pressure spans between the bounds in pRange across n rows for both liquid and vapor phases. The properties of liquid-vapor mixtures are determined by interpolation between the pure phases.
A manifold is composed of assorted hydraulic valves connected to each other. It is the various combinations of states of these valves that allow complex control behavior in a manifold.
Simply put, a hydraulic manifold distributes hydraulic oil throughout a circuit. The flow of pressurized oil is regulated by hydraulic valves installed within the manifold and directed through hoses to some kind of work device, such as a hydraulic motor or a cylinder.
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In addition to providing a neat and logical layout, consolidating components into a manifold reduces space, pressure drop, requires less fittings, less assembly time, and reduced leak points. Manifolds are sometimes viewed as a black box, making troubleshooting a concern. However, if a system is properly designed and test points provided in key locations, finding the problem becomes much quicker and simpler. If transducers are connected to these test points, the data may be linked into the machine PLC and even displayed by the HMI.
Typical applications include machine tools, production and material handling equipment, food processing, marine, off-highway equipment, heavy construction equipment, oil field and farm equipment, and valve operations.
Manifolds come in two basic types. One is a mono-block design that holds all the passages and valves for an entire system. The other is a modular-block design. Each modular block usually supports only one or two valves and contains interconnecting passages for these valves as well as flow-through provisions. It normally is connected to a series of similar modular blocks to make up a complete system.
Mono-block manifolds can be either laminar or drilled metal block. Laminar manifolds are usually made of steel, with passages milled or machined through several layers of metal. These plates are stacked or sandwiched with the various fluid paths determined by the shape of the overlapping passages. Solid-metal end pieces are added, and the whole stack is brazed together. These manifolds can handle pressures as high as 10,000 psi. Internal passages can be cut to any shape needed, so nearly any flow rate can be accommodated with minimal pressure drop.
Laminar manifolds are always custom-designed. Valves and other connections can be located where appropriate for a specific application. But because of the permanently shaped flow passages and brazed construction, this type manifold cannot be modified easily if future circuit changes become necessary.
Drilled metal block manifolds are made from plates or bars of steel, aluminum, or ductile iron. As the name implies, the blocks are drilled to provide circuit paths and flow passages. Valves can be placed as desired but the drilled passages must be straight.
Other drilled-block manifolds accept cartridge valves into cavities drilled into the manifold surface. Interconnecting flow passages travel through the manifold from the valve cavities. Some cartridge valves have threaded bodies that hold them in threaded cavities; others slip into smooth cavities where they are retained by plates on the manifold surface.
Modular manifold systems are easy to modify and can be added to existing manifolds. The blocks are usually made of ductile iron, aluminum, or steel. Blocks can be custom designed or standard. End plates usually seal the ends of the assembled manifold, but these plates also can be drilled for pump and tank connections. Interconnecting, divider, and spacer plates are usually installed between the basic building blocks. Interconnecting plates divert flow from one passage to another between blocks, or stop flow between blocks by plugging a passage. Divider plates allow flow to continue or to be blocked by plugging. Spacer plates increase dimensions between basic blocks when an outsized valve must be accommodated on the mounting surface.
The tops of basic modular blocks are ported and drilled to accept subplate-mounted valves. Blocks with different ports usually are available for each type of valve and subplate. Each type is identified for the valve it will accept. Some modular systems will accept cartridge valves as well as subplate-mounted valves. When specifying a manifold system, consider the interchangeability of valves, subplates, and blocks.
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Electrical connections to manifolds may be made with wires that lead directly from the power source to the appropriate solenoid. Some manifold systems have built-in electrical troughs or channels for interior runs of electric cable.
Because there are so many configurations available for manifold design, there are several software packages available to help the engineer design a system. With advances in these design software packages and CNC technology the installed cost for custom mono-block manifolds, even small runs, is very competitive to systems using modular blocks or discrete components.
Considerations when selecting a hydraulic manifold
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- Fluid type
- Seal materials
- Material and finish
- Environmental conditions and temperatures
- Pressure (maximum and working)
- Duty cycle
- Flow conditions (pump, accumulator and return)
- Port sizes, types, and locations
- Number of and type of valves
- Electrical voltage and connection
- Mounting